Factors Associated with Grassland Bird Species Richness: The Relative Roles of Grassland Area, Landscape Structure, and Prey

The factors responsible for widespread declines of grassland birds in the United States are not well understood. This study, conducted in the short-grass prairie of eastern Wyoming, was designed to investigate the relationship between variation in habitat amount, landscape heterogeneity, prey resources, and spatial variation in grassland bird species richness. We estimated bird richness over a 5-year period (1994–1998) from 29 Breeding Bird Survey locations. Estimated bird richness was modeled as a function of landscape structure surrounding survey routes using satellite-based imagery (1996) and grasshopper density and richness, a potentially important prey of grassland birds. Model specification progressed from simple to complex explanations for spatial variation in bird richness. An information-theoretic approach was used to rank and select candidate models. Our best model included measurements of habitat amount, habitat arrangement, landscape matrix, and prey diversity. Grassland bird richness was positively associated with grassland habitat; was negatively associated with habitat dispersion; positively associated with edge habitats; negatively associated with landscape matrix attributes that may restrict movement of grassland bird; and positively related to grasshopper richness. Collectively, 62% of the spatial variation in grassland bird richness was accounted for by the model (adj-R² = 0.514). These results suggest that the distribution of grassland bird species is influenced by a complex mixture of factors that include habitat area affects, landscape pattern and composition, and the availability of prey.     

Landscape attributes and life history variability shape genetic structure of trout populations in a stream network

Spatial and temporal landscape patterns have long been recognized to influence biological processes, but these processes often operate at scales that are difficult to study by conventional means. Inferences from genetic markers can overcome some of these limitations. We used a landscape genetics approach to test hypotheses concerning landscape processes influencing the demography of Lahontan cutthroat trout in a complex stream network in the Great Basin desert of the western US. Predictions were tested with population- and individual-based analyses of microsatellite DNA variation, reflecting patterns of dispersal, population stability, and local effective population sizes. Complementary genetic inferences suggested samples from migratory corridors housed a mixture of fish from tributaries, as predicted based on assumed migratory life histories in those habitats. Also as predicted, populations presumed to have greater proportions of migratory fish or from physically connected, large, or high quality habitats had higher genetic variability and reduced genetic differentiation from other populations. Populations thought to contain largely non-migratory individuals generally showed the opposite pattern, suggesting behavioral isolation. Estimated effective sizes were small, and we identified significant and severe genetic bottlenecks in several populations that were isolated, recently founded, or that inhabit streams that desiccate frequently. Overall, this work suggested that Lahontan cutthroat trout populations in stream networks are affected by a combination of landscape and metapopulation processes. Results also demonstrated that genetic patterns can reveal unexpected processes, even within a system that is well studied from a conventional ecological perspective.     

重组GP5AB蛋白间接ELISA检测PRRSV抗体方法的研究

利用GST-GP5AB重组蛋白作为包被抗原,通过反应条件优化,建立了用于检测猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(PRRSV)抗体的间接ELISA方法。抗原最适包被浓度为2μg/mL,最佳封闭液为0.15%BSA,37℃封闭2 h后,再4℃封闭24 h,血清最适稀释度为1∶200,其作用时间为60m in,酶标抗体最适稀释度为1∶20 000,最适作用时间为90 m in,37℃显色10 m in,S/P≥0.284为阳性,S/P≤0.26为阴性,介于二者之间为可疑的判定标准。该抗原与猪其他4种临床症状类似的疾病的阳性血清反应呈阴性。批内和批间重复性试验结果,变异系数均小于7%,表明本方法具有较好的特异性和重复性。应用本方法初步检测了一些疫苗免疫仔猪血清样品,并与重组N蛋白和PRRSV抗原同时进行比较,结果显示3种抗原检测的结果基本一致。     

补充青贮玉米对复合稻草块体外发酵特性的影响

应用体外发酵产气技术,研究了青贮玉米以不同比例(0%～100%)替代复合稻草块中稻草对其体外发酵特性的影响。结果表明:随着青贮玉米比例的升高,复合稻草块的24h产气量、产气速度常数、有机物消化率、代谢能呈逐渐上升的趋势(P<0.05)。替代比例低于40%时24h产气量组合效应不显著(P>0.05),替代比例高于40%后出现逐渐增大的正组合效应,当替代比例为50%时,正组合效应值(9.68)显著增加(P<0.05),以后变动幅度不大。综上可见,用青贮玉米替代复合稻草块中40%以上的稻草较为适宜,当替代比例为50%时,就可获得较好的消化率。     

穿心莲兽医药理学研究进展

文章综述了近年来国内对穿心莲的化学成分,色谱指纹图谱,对动物体生理功能的影响,药代动力学以及毒副作用的兽医药理学研究新进展.     

内生枯草芽孢杆菌B-001对烟草幼苗的促生作用及其生长动态

为了明确内生枯草芽孢杆菌B-001对烟草的促生机制和对烟草青枯病的防治效果,采用温室盆栽试验、内源激素检测及处理烟草植株B-001菌量追踪测定等方法研究内生枯草芽孢杆菌B-001的作用机制及其自身在烟草体内的群体数量动态等。结果表明:施用B-001菌株后,烟草幼苗鲜重增加了43.01%～57.70%;烟草中吲哚乙酸、赤霉素和玉米素核苷的含量增加,而脱落酸的含量降低;苗期至旺长期的烟草K326中B-001数量大幅增加,但到成熟期数量大幅下降;1×107、1×108、1×109、1×1010cfu/mL的菌悬浮液对烟草青枯病的防治效果分别为50.3%、62.8%、70.2%、70.3%。     

家蚕产卵量的基因效应参数估计

用产卵量差异较大的两个近交系782和Ekp作亲本,配制了F1、F2正反交及F1与两亲本的回交B1和B2,加上两亲本P1和P2共8个世代,采用多世代平均值的多元回归分析方法对产卵量的基因效应参数进行了估计,得到了如下结果：（1）建立了分析家蚕产卵量的常染色体基因加性、显性和性染色体基因加性效应的非二体遗传模型,并通过实际数据检验表明产卵量遗传符合这个模式;（2）产卵量的遗传主要取决于常染色体上基因加性效应,其次是性染色体基因加性效应,显性效应很小。     

EMS对播娘蒿生物学效应的研究

在２５℃、４℃不同温度条件下,用不同浓度的ＥＭＳ诱发播娘蒿突变。结果表明,播娘蒿的发芽势、发芽率、出苗率和幼苗高度均随ＥＭＳ浓度的提高而降低;且ＥＭＳ在４℃时较２５℃时对种子影响较小。ＥＭＳ诱变播娘蒿的适宜浓度在１０％和２０％之间。     

传染性法氏囊病病毒抗体检测诊断试剂盒的研制与应用

本文用提纯的ＩＢＤＶ细胞毒为抗原,抗鸡Ｉｇ单抗１Ｂ７ＨＲＰ酶结合物为第二抗体建立了检测ＩＢＤＶ抗体的间接ＥＬＩＳＡ。在此基础上研制出ＩＢＤＶ抗体检测诊断试剂盒。经对１２００份血清进行检测,结果表明：本试剂盒特异性强,灵敏度高,重复性好,快速稳定,易于操作,为雏鸡ＩＢＤＶ母原抗体和疫苗注射后特异性抗体检测提供了可靠的诊断工具。     

五种重金属对早繁鮸鱼胚胎和仔鱼的毒性效应

在水温27.5℃、盐度29条件下,研究了Cu2+、Cd2+、Zn2+、Cr6+和Pb2+5种重金属对早繁鮸鱼胚胎发育和初孵仔鱼的影响。结果表明:重金属在胚胎发育过程中引起各种畸形,如胚胎尾巴弯曲、初孵仔鱼不能出膜、胚胎死亡等;胚胎和初孵仔鱼上出现黑色颗粒,初孵仔鱼脊柱弯曲成L、V、S形或尾部没有展开呈逗号状,褶皱边缘被破坏等畸形。Cu2+、Cd2+、Zn2+、Cr6+和Pb2+5种重金属均延迟胚胎发育速率。综合孵化率、胚胎畸形和仔鱼畸形率等指标得出5种重金属对胚胎的毒性大小依次为Cu2+>Cd2+>Zn2+>Pb2+>Cr6+。计算了5种重金属对早繁鮸鱼初孵仔鱼的LC50和安全浓度,得出5种重金属对早繁鮸鱼初孵仔鱼毒性大小顺序为:Cu2+>Cd2+>Pb2+>Zn2+>Cr6+。